Physical And Mental Health Implications Of Drug Abuse...

As drugs have been abused for hundreds of years all over the world, their effects have been felt for just as long. Since drugs have been used, there were always those who abused them, which led to full-blown addiction and the bevy of side effects that come with it. As the physical and mental health implications of addiction became clearer, rehabilitation efforts began to appear. As a result, the history of rehabilitation in the United States dates back hundreds of years. Today, thousands of drug abuse rehabilitation programs offer addicts a variety of treatment approaches, ranging from traditional, evidenced-based care to more experimental or holistic services. Since care should be customized according to the individual patient, oftentimes†¦show more content†¦Among people who are age 65 years or older, 90% take at least 1 drug per week, more than 40% take at least 5 different drugs per week, and 12% take 10 or more drugs per week. Women typically take more drugs than men. Older people who are frail, hospitalized, or in a nursing home take the most drugs. Nursing home residents are prescribed an average of 7 to 8 different drugs to take on a regular basis. Because of these age-related changes, many drugs tend to stay in an older person’s body much longer, prolonging the drug’s effect and increasing the risk of side effects. Therefore, older people often need to take smaller doses of certain drugs or perhaps fewer daily doses. For example, digoxin, a drug sometimes used to treat certain heart disorders, dissolves in water and is eliminated by the kidneys. Due to the widespread use of drugs such as cocaine, angel dust, marijuana, LSD, heroin and numerous other substances, the demand for illicit drugs has increased. Unfortunately, there are ready drug suppliers who have responded to this increased demand. The importation of illicit drugs in the United-States runs a close second to the importation of petroleum. The Federal Government and business community are increasingly recognizing the negative consequences of substance abuse on the U.S. economy and the Nation’s workforce. Abuse of drugs and alcohol is costly for our society and, left untreated, places aShow MoreRelatedSoc 203 social problems1286 Words   |  6 Pagesthird most common mental illness that affects more than 17 million people in the United States according to the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse. Alcoholism does not discriminate against age, race nor gender. II. Scope Alcoholism is defined as a disorder characterized by the excessive consumption of and dependence on alcoholic beverages, leading to physical and psychological harm, impaired social, and vocational functioning (dictionary.com). Alcohol is the number one drug problem in the UnitedRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Addiction : A Meta Analysis1711 Words   |  7 Pagesabuser to tolerate the remainder of the day. In the journal article Deficits in Behavioral Inhibition in Substance Abuse and Addiction: A meta-analysis authors Smith, Mattick, Jamadar, Iredale stated â€Å"The results are generally consistent with the view that substance use disorders and addictionlike behavioral disorders are associated with impairments in inhibitory control. Implications for treatment of substance use are discussed, along with suggestions for future research arising from the limitationsRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act ( Esi ) Essay2024 Words   |  9 PagesThis pushed for the most significant changes to the United States health care system since Medicare and Medicaid back in 1965. The main stance of the act is to offer affordable benefits for all people including those who cant afford it. The Affordable Care Act includes a series of reforms that positively expand on the existing system of employer-sponsored insurance (ESI). It creates new requirements for individuals, employers, health care providers, and insurance companies (French, 2016). The ACARead MoreSocial Workers Develop And Implement Treatment1659 Words   |  7 Pagespsychosocial rehabilitation. Social workers develop and implement treatment approaches which address individual social difficulties and work with acute/chronic medical conditions, dying patients, and bereaved families. VA social workers are liable for ensuring continuity of care through the admission, evaluation, treatment, and follow-up processes. This consists of coordinating discharge planning and providing case management services based on the patients clinical and community health and social servicesRead MoreThe Work Of The Va Social Workers1604 Words   |  7 Pages↠and→ psychosocial rehabilitation. Social workers developed implemented treatment approaches which addressed individual social difficulties work with acute/chronic medical conditions, dying patients, bereaved families. VA social workers were liable for ensuring continuity of care through the admission, evaluation, treatment, follow-up processes this consisted of coordinating discharge planning providing case management services based on the patients clinical community health social services resourcesRead MoreThe Virginia Board Of Nursing1290 Words   |  6 Pagesnursing license. Disciplinary Case One specific case involved substance abuse by a Registered Nurse. She was brought before the board for the renewal of her Virginia RN license. The defendant may be unable to safely practice nursing due to substance abuse. This is supported by on or about December 9th, 2015, she reported for work impaired as evidence by slurred speech, inability to focus, disheveled appearance, trembling, and a drug test which was positive for codeine, hydromorphone, and morphine withRead MoreThe Ethics of Drug Use and Drug Abuse1579 Words   |  6 PagesEthics of Drug Use and Drug Abuse For any professional working in the substance abuse treatment field, they will very likely come across situations and be presented with dilemmas relating to personal beliefs, judgments, and values. Drug or substance use and abuse have been a controversial and heated topic around the world for centuries. Drug abuse, in a way, is a facet of human culture that has been present for a great deal of human history in general. Every culture handles the issue of drug abuseRead MoreDrug Abuse And Addiction Have Negative Consequences For Individuals And For Society1321 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Drug abuse and addiction have negative consequences for individuals and for society† (DrugFacts: Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), n.d.). Whether it is illegal substances or it is prescription over use, drug addiction can affect the 18 year old college student or the 70 year old grandmother. Even though drug addiction is still a growing and constan t problem each model is fighting to get this problem under control. In this paper we will discuss howRead MorePrison : Recidivism And Reentry3158 Words   |  13 Pageswomen recidivate, you could assume that somewhere along the way the system has failed them. What role does drug use, motherhood, mental health, physical, sexual, and mental abuse play in the recidivism of female inmates? According to Stuart and Brice-Baker (2004), drugs have been one of the major culprits leading to incarceration and repeat criminal offenses among women in recent years. Drug offenses have the largest increase of any crime committed by female offenders. According to the Bureau ofRead MoreFemale Offenders : Involvement Within Criminal Justice System Essay1603 Words   |  7 Pagesis under correctional supervision, she can face several challenges within her sentence. When females reenter the community they can face a lot of barriers. Female offenders go through obstacles during conviction,sentencing, incarceration, and rehabilitation. 　　　　Offender is a person who commits and illegal act. An ex offender is someone who has previously been convicted of a crime. Females and males offenders share similarities and differences. One of the similarities that they share are while incarcerated

Essay on Sexual Harassment In The Workplace - 2405 Words

Every public and private employer in the State of California (except the federal government and religious, non-profit corporations or associations) is subject to the California Fair Employment and Housing Act’s (FEHA), which prohibits against sexual harassment in the workplace. Individual supervisors, managers and non-supervisory employees are individually subject to the FEHA’s anti-harassment provisions. The goal of the FEHA is to familiarize supervisors and managers with their responsibilities under California law for responding to, and preventing, sexual harassment. Although federal law imposes similar duties as those required by the FEHA, there are some important differences that will be highlighted in my paper. Zero Tolerance†¦show more content†¦They should evaluate the effectiveness of the sexual harassment training they provide to ensure it addresses identified problems and should pay particular attention in the training efforts to the particular problem of sexual harassment by coworkers. In A Question of Character, Joe Ryan is accused of being the harasser, in that he has been seen and photographed with several young women that appear to be friends only. Yet the question of whether or not he is cheating on is wife with these women has been addressed because he flirts with all the young women. He states, I may flirt, but I’m a married man, which according to him, are only rumors and claims that these women are only friends. Yet, when Kimmy Crogan who started in the mailroom quickly moved up to factory supervisor without manufacturing experience, people began to question the relationship and Ryan’s flirtageous behavior. This led to people asking questions and doubting the character of their leader, as in the Monica Lewinsky scandal with President Clinton (Wetlaufer, p. 30). Definition of Sexual Harassment Sexual harassment is defined as unsolicited and unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal, physical, or visual conduct of a sexual nature when submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of employment; submission to orShow MoreRelatedSexual Harassment At The Workplace1697 Words   |  7 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace Eva L. Mendez-Zacher MG260, Business Law I 28 September 2014 Dr. Anita Whitby Abstract I’m conducting a study on Sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment is possible in all social and economic classes, ethnic groups, jobs and places in the community. Through this study I hope to clarify the common misconception that sexual harassment is an isolated female problem. Although the majority of the cases reported are in fact male on femaleRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace990 Words   |  4 PagesIt is great to have a workplace where you are friends with your coworkers. But what happens when coworkers talk about other coworkers in a sexual context. Two male coworkers talking about female staff where coworkers in the area can hear. Your manager suggests that they can help you earn a promotion if you go out with them. This puts employees in awkward situations where they might not know if this is considered sexual harassment. If it is, an employee maybe unsure what to do about it. AccordingRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace963 W ords   |  4 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace There are federal laws put in position to prevent sexual harassment in the workplace. Most employees sometimes don’t even realize what sexual harassment is are when they are committing this violation. On the flip side an employee may not realized when they are being sexually harassed and when is the appropriate time to speak up. Education on sexual harassment has increased within the workplace as cases are more public and fines are getting steeper. In this researchRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace1396 Words   |  6 PagesEssay #3 Sexual harassment in the workplace has always been an issue, even before women were introduced into the working environment in the twentieth century. In recent years this issue may have become more publicized than before and not as overlooked as it used to be, but it unfortunately affects people all across the nation, both men and women alike. From that fast food chain where your kid is working at, to that fortune 500 company you’ve never heard of, it is happening. Over the last severalRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace2180 Words   |  9 PagesSexual harassment is among the many factors that make employees uncomfortable at the workplace. This vice is a sum of all the unwelcomed advances of sexual nature that employees go through from their colleagues or superiors. There is no gender limit to sexual harassment since both males and females may be coerced to engage in some things for sexual favours. Sexual harassment takes both verbal and physical form. Since managers are responsible for the provision of a comfortable working environmentRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace1253 Words   |  6 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace What cause sexual harassment in the workplace? Sexual harassment is defined as discrimination towards sex. It is unwanted verbal and/or physical contact between two human beings, however, in this case I would like to focus on the workplace (co-worker or supervisor). Based on Civil Rights Act of 1991, there has been an increased amount of incentives for employer’s prohibition conducts of sexual harassment. How people perceive and evaluate sexual harassmentRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace1697 Words   |  7 PagesSexual Harassment in the Work Place: Building More Awareness In today’s society, sexual harassment in the workplace has become a problem. This problem should have more attention and awareness provided to help stop these situations from happening. Sexual harassment can happen anywhere, at any time, and to everyone. It does not discriminate and effects all ethnicity, genders, age, and races. Due to the larger number of cases presented in courts today, sexual harassment in the workplace continues toRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace1359 Words   |  6 Pagesfor any company to legally define what constitutes sexual harassment in the workplace, but there are many ways to define sexual harassment. Everyone has different views and tolerance levels towards sexual harassment. When a case of sexual harassment occurs in a workplace, however, it comes down to how the courts define sexual harassment. The Supreme Court defines sexual harassment to be unlawful in two ways. â€Å"The first type involves sexual harassment that results in a t angible employment action;† thisRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace Introduction Sexual harassment is an ethical problem in the workplace. Sexual harassment is defined as unwelcome verbal, visual, or physical conduct of a sexual nature. It can affect your working conditions and creates a hostile work environment. It can also affect productivity, satisfaction, retention, patient care and safety, your physical well-being and mental health. It can also cause low staff morale, increased absenteeism and attrition of staff. This studentRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace1608 Words   |  7 Pagessubject to sexual harassment ranging from sexually degrading comments to physical acts of sexual assault. Unfortunately for the women working at the mine, that was only the beginning of the harassment they’d experience. If this was not damaging enough, women were deterred, if not, outright sanctioned for reporting instances of harassment to management. It is reasonable to assume that culture at Pearson Taconite and Steel fostered a hostile work environment for women. Though the issue of sexual harassment

Nights To Remember free essay sample

Nights To Remember Around this time last year, I had plans to go sledding with some of my friends during the night at Downriver Golf Course. I hadn’t ever been sledding there, but everyone told me it was the bomb. I was very excited and I even went out and bought a brand new sled, just for the occasion. Out of all of my good nature and morals, my friends persuaded me into buying the sled from Walmart. It took me awhile to forgive myself, and it just about the whole night. At Walmart, my mind was flooded with choices. There were the $4.00 small cheap plastic sleds from China, all the way to the $28.00 large cheap plastic sleds from China. I wanted to make the most out of my night, so I thought I couldn’t go wrong with one of the $28.00 large cheap plastic sleds from China. From Walmart, we made our way to one of our friend’s house to chill, and eventually get a move on to the wonderful sledding action. We will write a custom essay sample on Nights To Remember or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Meanwhile, during our chill, I enjoyed a nice smack in the eye from my good friend’s sled during some unnecessary monkey business. The result was a red puffy eye and I regrettably held a slight grudge for the majority of the night. I was such a baby. We arrived at Downriver, and we busted out the sleds, even though there was already a group of college students occupying the area. We figured they wouldn’t mind sharing the hill. As we suspected, they didn’t, and I took the honor of being the first one in our group to take a ride. I graciously took a running start and jumped down onto the decline, my sled held out in front of me, sort of like Superman. My trusty $28.00 cheap plastic sled from China proved its worth. It proved its worth all the way to the bottom of the hill that is, where I went over an ever so tiny bump, which shattered my sled into three distinct pieces. Grudgingly, I moped back up the hill, reassuring myself that I would never shop at Walmart again. On the verge of tears, I reached the top of the hill, showed my sled mates the remnants of my sled, and was welcomed with the warmest and comforting laughter and humiliation. We continued to sled the night away, one sled short, nothing as little as losing a sled could put a damper on our magnificent teen spirit. And our spirits continued to rise, especially when several of the college students asked for our approval of them sledding down half naked, we gave them approval which lead them to, later on, ask us for our approval of them sledding down†¦ fully naked. Too bad none of us had brought a camera, for these are nights to remember.

Problems of Voluntary Turnover and the Strategies -myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theProblems of Voluntary Turnover and the Strategies. Answer: Introduction A work relationship should maintain mutual agreement and interests to the parties involved at all times. These healthy interactions between the stakeholders ensure for a long term association in a place of work with less problems. However, sometimes an employee might decide to terminate his or her association with a certain organization for different reasons, which is called voluntary turnover. There are different reasons that could motivate an employee to voluntarily turnover, including dissatisfaction at work or better chances outside. In the event that an employee has left his duties out of good will, then it leaves the organization with some impact (Tanova 2008). Employee turnover is a trend that has resulted in negative impacts to the organization affected. An organization ends up facing increased expenditure, difficult in handling and developing new employees, a negative brand image and overall reduced performance. The success of an organization fully depends on its employees to deliver great services in consideration to their skills and experiences. Companies with focused and contented workers perform better because they give employees are able to give their best at work. Success comes when all the parties are getting what they need to motivate them towards achieving the goals of an organization (Crossley 2007). An organization usually needs to improve its employee strategies and programs to the extent that they can maintain their most valuable workers. Some of the ways to ensure long term working relationships with employees is to recruit the right team, putting more consideration into the benefits and considerations of employees, offer rewards for good work done, create new opportunities for growth and offer a positive working environment. Reasons for voluntary turnover Mismatch of skills and job People do not always get the jobs they had wished for in their dreams and career development. When such like a situation occurs, people might find themselves in need for career change and hence end up quitting their jobs and terminating their contracts before maturity. Some of the main reasons that might lead to such like actions include a mismatch between the job requirements and the skills and experiences of an employee (Zimmerman 2009.). An individual might have the required skills and knowledge in the sales and marketing sector but then acquire a position in the information technology department. He or she might be trained on the new job and get the basics but his or her skills lies somewhere else. Only an employee trained in a certain sector can deal with complex situations when they occur in the process of operation(Sturges 2005.). It is therefore challenging and stressful for one to hold the wrong position which might later on lead to turnover. In case a job that covers that e mployee specialty, they will not hesitate to quite their current job and enter into their field. Organizations progress Stagnant growth of a company might lead to some employees opting to go look for opportunities elsewhere in the name of new opportunities and openings. The major purpose of the human resource department is to ensure that the company can improve its current state and advance. If an organization stays in the same position for years, then the employees usually feel less motivated. They want to see ne project coming up, new clients, new opportunities and exposure for them. If there are no such developments, then it is easier for them to opt for other options that give them a better chance to do more. Organizational instability also closely relates in this case as everyone wants to feel safe with their source of income and career path (Lee 2004. ). If an organization shows some signs of failure like unable to pay debts and make good profits, then employees will look for jobs in a more secure environment. Management Poor management is also one of the reasons that lead to instability in the human resource department. If the leadership of the organization is less focused on the needs of its employees, then it is difficult to keep them on track (Nelson 2012). A worker feels comfortable and satisfied if the management system emphasizes on activities that develop his or her ability to produce better. Some of the issues lacking in the organization might be less focus on employee motivation activities. An organization might get stuck focusing on external issues like the market and end up neglecting their employee management programs. At this moment, employees starts feeling neglected and may consider options offered to them in other organizations or field as well. The workload might just be too much for an employee to handle making them move so as to balance their lives with work. Sometimes companies are faced with crises in such a way that they have limited time and a lot of duties to perform (Miller 2006). In this situation, they end up overloading their current workers because of escaping hiring costs. Since there may not be allowances in addition to the work, then some employees might feel overworked and decide to leave. These reasons and many others encourage employees quit their jobs in search for better and more fulfilling opportunities. Problems of Voluntary turnover Employees are an important stakeholder when it comes to the success or failure of a certain organization. They sudden departure might therefore leave the firm on the face of very challenging situations. Increased expenditure Any business organization has set regulations that govern the process of their operations especially when dealing with workers. In the cases of employee turnover, then the company is left at a bad state of financial spending. Any employee is entitled to a certain amount of compensation when their contract is terminated before due time for whatever reason (Hewlett 2008). So the first thing that the company should do is to obey the terms and conditions of their contracts and compensate for their outgoing worker. Then now they have to recruit a new replacement to occupy the vacant position as it is usually hard to have an already existing employee to cover for the position. They might do so for sometime but if it is a technical area that requires specialized skills, then a new replacement must be hired. There is a lot of expenditure including advertising for the job and conducting interviews, examinations and probations for the new staff member (Tanova 2008. ). Once they have selected t he candidate, they then spend more funds training them of their new job duties and requirements. The whole process until an organization attains a new qualified individual for the vacant position involves a lot of expenditure. Dealing with new employees Most of the times, a new employee can never compare with the precious one in terms of the way they conduct their duties in their specialty. The employee who occupied the position earlier had the full overview of the environment of work and could understand things better. When they leave, they then carry the knowledge and the experience with them leaving the company deprived. New employees are therefore hard to deal with as they know less about the focus and deeper details of the organization. It is only fair if they are given time to adapt to their new work environment so as to perform better (Miller 2006). During this waiting period, the organization experiences reduced growth rates in terms of their particular department that holds a new professional. The impact depends on the kind of department that is affected as others like finance; marketing and many more might have the greatest impact. With new personnel, it is hard to establish and determine their level of loyalty to work for the interest of the company (Lee 2004.). The best way to know whether an individual is loyal is by observing their behavior over a prolonged period of time to understand their stand. Most new employees might be unable to lead the organization towards the right direction and therefore require supervision all the time which is money and time consuming. Employee development It is important for every organization to set plans that focus on developing the skills, experience and personal development of their workers. Most companies invest a lot of time in these programs to ensure that their employees feel much motivated in readiness to the performance of their specified duties(Bendapudi 2002. ). In such like circumstances, voluntary turnover translates to a waste of resources on the employees who have left their jobs (Hewlett 2008). The skills they had acquired during their time at the company is all wasted as they go to work for another organization. The new employee on the other hand is not experienced in the business environment and therefore needs just as much exposure like the rest of the employees. In a situation when they are recent graduates, it becomes even harder to initiate some programs as they have been used to the theoretical world of the job rather than the practical side. Most of the times an organization might prefer to postpone the activi ties to save resources and give an individual time to learn from the rest. Negative brand image Depending on the reasons for the voluntary turnover, the companys reputation might be negatively affected which reduces its position in the market. If the employees leave because of poor management or instability, They could spread rumors to the public about the weaknesses of the organization they were working for. Once an organization has been concerned with significant internal problems, all sorts of research and investigation starts to knock on the door. Lending financial institutions and government cooperations benefiting from the firms operations will start investigating on the issue to find out the truth (Tanova 2008. ). During this time, the other competitive firms use the issue to get better in the market by investing in negative campaigns. Investors, creditors, suppliers and even consumers might start to withdraw from the firm due to the claims of instability (Maertz Jr 2004). A weak brand name destroys the companys future plans and the ability to stay on top of the competit ion in the market. Voluntary turnover might therefore have the most negative impact on an organizations progress. Strategies to maintain Employees As discussed earlier, there are great challenges that might come with voluntary turnover of employees and therefore companies should ensure that they do all the things possible to keep maintain a long term relationship with their workers. Some of the ways include: Recruiting the right team The best strategy of maintaining employees is by hiring the right kind of personnel to ensure or job satisfaction. The recruiting process should be thorough in such a way that they match the skills of the applicant with their knowledge, experience interest and the job on offer. It should also be crucial to relate all of the information obtained to ensure that they will be versatile with the organizations culture. Compensations and employee benefit The management should include the important aspects of offering the compensations to their workers according to the recent laws to improve their competitive advantage. It is easier for an employee to move to another organization due to the benefits offered. Some of these includes health and education benefits to the workers and their families according to the registered benefit plans (Holtom 2005). Appreciation and employee motivation Most individuals are motivated to stay in a company giving their best knowledge and skills if they are appreciated for the good work done. A profit making business should keep track of all their departments to ensure that they all perform well. They can establish the ones with the highest influence on the companys success and reward the individuals involved. In this way, they will be motivated to produce better and those in other departments will be willing to work hard so as to receive praise and appreciation (Nelson 2012). Most employees get tired of tirelessly working hard, bringing success to a business and yet get treated just like everyone else. They therefore require recognition and appreciation to keep them focused on the main goal of the organization (Hewlett 2008). Through rewards, an organization is able to maintain the loyalty of their workers and encourage them to keep working. New opportunities and growth Any firm should be focused on growing and expanding its territories to ensure that they open new business opportunities for their operations. Employees they open new business opportunities for their operations. Employees like new exposures that give them more experience with their jobs and the markets as well. If an organization meets new partners and comes up with new ideas, then it gives their employees a chance to interact with new people inside and outside their areas of specification (Baruch 2006) Employees leave mostly because they are looking for exposure and therefore if a company can provide all that, they are more likely to stay. The company should give their workers a chance to practice their newly acquired skills in different fields to advance their ability to explore. Offer positive work environment The stability and comfort of an employee comes with the type of environment provided to them in their places of work. The environment includes the physical aspects like space, natural view, social and diversity interactions and emotional aspects (Maertz Jr 2004). To ensure for appropriate working, any organization should invest highly to provide their workers with the best environment that enables them perform best. Spacious and well ventilated offices or studios are important in ensuring that the employees can enjoy privacy and effective working area. (Collins 2003). They are motivated by the ability to work without having to squeeze their operations in smaller suffocated spaces. The social interaction between the employer and management with the employees also opts to be healthy to ensure for proper working relations. The managers should try their best to recognize diversity so as to accommodate people from all cultures, religions and political divides (Hewlett 2008). They should a lso work towards developing the emotional intelligence of the workers to ensure that they have stable emotional affiliations to work better. All these ways can help maintain the employees for a long term working relationship. Conclusion Voluntary turnover is a significant event in any organization that requires proper strategies to address. There are many reasons that might force an individual worker to leave their job including lack or motivation, stability and appreciation. The problems that come as a result are increased costs of acquiring new workers and developing them into being efficient and loyal to the organization. However the organization can deal with voluntary turnover by appreciating the employees and giving them a chance to grow in a healthy environment. If an organization is following the employment laws and putting their workers first, then it is possible to maintain a long term relationship with employees. References Baruch, Y, 2006, 'Career development in organizations and beyond: Balancing traditional and contemporary viewpoints.', Human resource management review, pp. 16(2), pp.125-138. Bendapudi, NALRP, 2002. , 'Managing business-to-business customer relationships following key contact employee turnover in a vendor firm. ', Journal of Marketing, pp. 66(2), pp.83-101. Collins, CJACKD, 2003, 'Strategic human resource practices, top management team social networks, and firm performance: The role of human resource practices in creating organizational competitive advantage. ', Academy of management Journa, p. 46(6). Crossley, CD,BRJ,JSMABJL, 2007, 'Development of a global measure of job embeddedness and integration into a traditional model of voluntary turnover. ', Journal of Applied Psychology, pp. 92(4), p.1031. Hewlett, SA, 2008, 'Off-ramps and on-ramps: Keeping talented women on the road to success.', Human Resource Management International Digest, p. 16(2). Holtom, BC,MTR,LTWAIEJ, 2005, 'Shocks as causes of turnover: What they are and how organizations can manage them. ', Human resource management, pp. 44(3), pp.337-352. Lee, TW,MTR,SCJ,BJPAHBC, 2004. , 'The effects of job embeddedness on organizational citizenship, job performance, volitional absences, and voluntary turnover. ', Academy of Management Journal, pp. 47(5), pp.711-7. Maertz Jr, CPAGRW, 2004, 'Eight motivational forces and voluntary turnover: A theoretical synthesis with implications for research. ', Journal of Management, pp. 30(5), pp.667-683. Miller, BC, 2006, Keeping employees accountable for results: quick tips for busy managers. , AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Nelson, B, 2012, 1501 ways to reward employees. , Workman Publishing. Ongori, H, 2007., A review of the literature on employee turnover. Sturges, J,CN,GDALA, 2005., 'Managing the career deal: The psychological contract as a framework for understanding career management, organizational commitment and work behavior. ', Journal of Organizational Behavior, , pp. 26(7), pp. Tanova, CAHBC, 2008. , 'Using job embeddedness factors to explain voluntary turnover in four European countries. ', The International Journal of Human Resource Management, , pp. 19(9), pp.1553-1568. Zimmerman, RDADTC, 2009., 'The impact of job performance on employee turnover intentions and the voluntary turnover process: A meta-analysis and path model. ', Personnel Review, , pp. 38(2), pp.142-158.